CSS International Relations-I MCQs 2016

Kenneth Waltz published 'Theory of International Politics' in 1979, re-formulating classical realism into neorealism. He argued that the anarchic structure of the international system, rather than human nature, forces states to seek security and balance power.

Alexander Wendt articulated this statement in his 1992 article and 1999 book 'Social Theory of International Politics'. Social Constructivism contends that international relations are socially constructed through shared ideas, identities, and norms rather than material factors alone.

Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye introduced Complex Interdependence to challenge realist assumptions. They argued that multiple channels connect societies, military force is not always effective, and security is not the sole objective of states.

Graham Allison presented three models in 'Essence of Decision' (1971). Model II, the Organizational Process Model, explains foreign policy outcomes as outputs of large government organizations operating according to Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs).

John Mearsheimer advanced Offensive Realism in 2001, arguing that the anarchic international system compels great powers to maximize their share of world power and pursue regional hegemony as the ultimate means of ensuring survival.

Chinese President Xi Jinping visited Pakistan in April 2015, where both nations signed 51 agreements and MOUs worth over $46 billion, formally launching CPEC as a flagship project of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).

Rooted in Immanuel Kant's 'Perpetual Peace' (1795) and refined by Michael Doyle, Democratic Peace Theory posits that institutional constraints, shared norms, and economic interdependence prevent constitutional democracies from waging war against one another.

Joseph Nye coined 'Soft Power' in his 1990 book 'Bound to Lead', defining it as the ability to affect others and obtain preferred outcomes through attraction, cultural influence, and political values rather than coercion or payment (hard power).

UNSC Resolution 47 recommended a cease-fire, total withdrawal of non-resident forces, and the holding of a free, impartial plebiscite under UN auspices to decide the accession of Jammu and Kashmir to India or Pakistan.

The 'Shanghai Five' (China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan) was expanded into the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) in June 2001 upon the entry of Uzbekistan as its sixth founding member.

John H. Herz introduced the 'Security Dilemma' in his 1950 article 'Idealist Internationalism and the Security Dilemma'. It describes how defensive actions by one state to enhance its security inadvertently provoke insecurity and military buildup in rival states.

Francis Fukuyama's 'The End of History and the Last Man' posited that the ideological evolution of humanity had reached its peak with the defeat of totalisms and the global hegemony of Western liberal democracy.

Article IX(3) of the NPT defines a Nuclear Weapon State as one that manufactured and exploded a nuclear weapon or explosive device prior to January 1, 1967. Only five states (USA, USSR/Russia, UK, France, China) meet this criteria under the treaty.

In 'The Anarchical Society' (1977), Hedley Bull argued that states operate within an 'International Society' where, despite the absence of a supreme global authority (anarchy), states share common interests, rules, and institutions to maintain order.

Samuel P. Huntington theorized that post-Cold War primary sources of global conflict would not be ideological or economic, but cultural, with major clashes occurring along the fault lines between major world civilizations.

SALT I produced the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty, which severely restricted strategic missile defense systems between the US and USSR, guaranteeing Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) as a stable deterrence mechanism.

Kenneth Waltz categorized the causes of war into three 'images' or levels of analysis: the first image (human nature), the second image (internal organization of states), and the third image (international anarchy and structural environment).

First used in a 2004 US Department of Defense report, 'String of Pearls' refers to a network of Chinese commercial, naval, and diplomatic facilities along its maritime lines of communication across the Indian Ocean from the Chinese mainland to the Arabian Sea.

Robert Cox made this declaration in his seminal 1981 essay 'Social Forces, States and World Orders', contrasting 'Problem-Solving Theory' (which maintains existing power relations) with 'Critical Theory' (which questions how prevailing orders came to be).

Pakistan and India were formally admitted as full, equal members of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) during the 17th meeting of the Council of Heads of State held in Astana, Kazakhstan, on June 9, 2017.